澳洲国立大学作业代写:凯恩斯主义

Keywords:澳洲国立大学作业代写

这不，但是，凯恩斯主义的结束。一些经济学家认为，传统的凯恩斯模型仍然提供了一些有益的见解。凯恩斯主义模式的主要批评之一是它没有微观基础。这导致了新凯恩斯主义的发展。其核心思想是，那些批评凯因斯的人的观点依赖于经济能够迅速而容易地进行调整。有许多模型适用于新凯恩斯主义范式。它们共同的特点是在微观层面引入某种刚性。一个模型假设只有一个给定数量的公司可以改变他们的价格在某一特定时期。这可能是由于以下几个原因。公司可能被锁定在合同中，阻止他们改变价格。还有价格变化时所产生的成本，所谓的菜单成本。所有这些原因可能导致价格粘性。这意味着，在任何给定的时间内，一些公司将有一个价格是不是最佳的条件。政府可以利用这一点，通过操纵需求的水平，以诱导输出反应的公司无法改变他们的价格。其他模型试图结合市场不完全竞争的事实。在这些模型中的企业给予一定程度的市场力量，使他们能够收取价格高于边际成本。这些各种各样的刚性给政府干预的理论依据。英国财政部和英格兰银行在决定适当的货币政策和预测时采用的是这些模型。
澳洲国立大学作业代写:凯恩斯主义
This was not, however, the end of Keynesianism. Some economists felt that the traditional Keynesian model still offered some useful insights. One of the main criticisms of the Keynesian model is that it had no micro foundations. This led to the development of New Keynesianism. The central idea is that the argument of those who criticised Keynes depended upon the economy being able to adjust quickly and easily. There are many models which fit into the New Keynesian paradigm. The feature they all have in common is that they introduce some sort of rigidity at the micro level. One model assumes that only a given number of firms can change their price in a particular period. This can be due to several reasons. The firm may be locked into contracts which prevent them from changing their prices. There are also costs which are incurred when changing prices, so-called menu costs. All of these reasons may contribute to the price stickiness. This means that, in any given time period, some firms will have a price which is not optimal for the conditions. Governments can take advantage of this by manipulating the level of demand to induce output responses by firms which are unable to change their prices. Other models attempt to incorporate the fact that markets are not perfectly competitive. Firms in these models are given a degree of market power which allows them to charge a price above the marginal cost. These sorts of rigidities give a theoretical justification for government intervention. It is these sorts of models which are used by the UK Treasury and the Bank of England when deciding on the appropriate monetary policy and when forecasting.