澳洲昆士兰作业代写:相对主体的方法
Keywords:澳洲昆士兰作业代写:相对主体的方法
在义务论的主题上，重要的是要认识到义务论是一种相对主体的方法，与功利主义不同，义务论也承认个人利益。“我们每个人在道义上都被允许特别重视我们自己的利益，因为它们是我们的利益”(麦克诺顿和罗林斯35)。义务论中的一个观点是，一个人对他比别人更亲近、更重视的人负有特殊的义务或责任。义务论还提出了约束的概念因为个人可以有不同的道德原则来阻止他们做出道德上不可接受的决定。义务论者可能会受到“杀人是错误的，永远不应该做”的原则的约束，而在一个将杀人作为一个因素的两难境地中，义务论者会坚持这一原则。另一方面，功利主义者会考虑杀人，如果这样做比不这样做有更大的效用的话。义务论的第三点涉及到一些选项，这些选项允许人们不总是遵循那些可以被认为是“必要的”或可以最大化效用的行为。了解这些理论的基础可以理解为什么义务论者会批评功利主义理解个人道德差异的能力。从功利主义的角度来看，没有必要有特殊的义务。以养育子女为例，父母有义务善待他们的孩子，因为他们把孩子看得比别人重要。对于功利主义者来说，善待孩子不应该仅仅局限于父母一方的利益，因为如果所有的孩子都被善待，他们的幸福感会增加。
澳洲昆士兰作业代写:相对主体的方法
While on the subject of deontology, it’s important to recognize that deontology is an agent-relative approach and, unlike Utilitarianism, does recognize individual interest. “Each of us is morally permitted to give special weight to our own interests, just because they are ours” (McNaughton and Rawlings 35). A point made in deontology is that a person has special obligations or responsibilities to people they hold close and value more than others. Deontology also gives the idea of constraints that people hold because individuals can have different moral principles that keep them from making morally impermissible decisions. A deontologist can be constrained by the principle that “killing is wrong and should never be done” and in a dilemma where killing is a factor, the deontologist would uphold that principle. A utilitarian on the other hand would consider killing if doing so would have greater utility that not doing so. The third point in deontology involves options which allows people to not always follow through with actions that could be considered “necessary” or actions that maximize utility.Knowing the bases for these theories it could be understandable why deontologist would criticize utilitarianism’s ability to understand individual moral differences. From the utilitarian point of view, it’s unnecessary to have special obligations. Take parenting for example, it would be expected that a parent would have an obligation to treat their child well because they value their child over others. For a utilitarian, treating children well should not be confined to just that one parent’s interest because well-being would increase if all children were treated well.
